![]() ![]() Mechanisms of Impactĭirect exposure to IPVA ( Haselschwerdt et al., 2019), parent’s alcohol and/or drug use and/or to other substance users ( Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs, 2003), or parent’s mental health symptoms ( Manning & Gregoire, 2006) have all been linked to harmful impacts on child health and well-being. These risks co-occur with cumulative impact ( Whitaker et al., 2006) and are themselves driven and exacerbated by structural risk factors such as poverty ( Adjei et al., 2021). Additionally, children who are exposed to IPVA are more likely to later be victim to, or perpetrate, interpersonal violence ( Murrell et al., 2007). These children may experience multiple disadvantages in adulthood, including poor employment opportunities, lower incomes, poor physical and mental health, problematic substance use, and offending behavior ( Goodman et al., 2011). ![]() McGovern et al., 2018 Whitaker et al., 2006). Children exposed to each of these adversities are more likely to engage in health compromising behaviors such as substance use and engage in anti-social behavior ( R. Children exposed to family adversities are more likely to experience mental health problems themselves ( Grip et al., 2012), while children who live in households where IPVA occurs additionally experience trauma symptoms ( Evans et al., 2008 Grip et al., 2012). Such children are more likely to suffer accidental injury ( Yang et al., 2020), ill-health, and encounter barriers to access appropriate care for their health needs ( Artz et al., 2014), and have lower educational performance ( Cleaver et al., 2011), resulting in poor life outcomes ( Artz et al., 2014). ![]() In addition to well-documented harms to the parent due to these risk factors ( Rehm & Shield, 2019 World Health Organization, 2013), children exposed to these risk factors experience a greater range of problems which may emerge in early years and persist into adulthood ( Adjei et al., 2021). It is estimated that between 2.1 and 5.4 million children in England live in homes with at least one parental risk factor of intimate partner violence and abuse (IPVA), mental illness, or substance use ( Children’s Commissioner, 2018). All subjects Allied Health Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Emergency Medicine & Critical Care Endocrinology & Metabolism Environmental Science General Medicine Geriatrics Infectious Diseases Medico-legal Neurology Nursing Nutrition Obstetrics & Gynecology Oncology Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Otolaryngology Palliative Medicine & Chronic Care Pediatrics Pharmacology & Toxicology Psychiatry & Psychology Public Health Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine Radiology Research Methods & Evaluation Rheumatology Surgery Tropical Medicine Veterinary Medicine Cell Biology Clinical Biochemistry Environmental Science Life Sciences Neuroscience Pharmacology & Toxicology Biomedical Engineering Engineering & Computing Environmental Engineering Materials Science Anthropology & Archaeology Communication & Media Studies Criminology & Criminal Justice Cultural Studies Economics & Development Education Environmental Studies Ethnic Studies Family Studies Gender Studies Geography Gerontology & Aging Group Studies History Information Science Interpersonal Violence Language & Linguistics Law Management & Organization Studies Marketing & Hospitality Music Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution Philosophy Politics & International Relations Psychoanalysis Psychology & Counseling Public Administration Regional Studies Religion Research Methods & Evaluation Science & Society Studies Social Work & Social Policy Sociology Special Education Urban Studies & Planning BROWSE JOURNALS ![]()
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